Starry Night Programs, Dark Sky Towns & Parks

Dark Sky Reserves - Learning Objectives

1. What is a Dark Sky Reserve?
2. National Park Service Starry Nights
3. Qualifications for a Dark Sky Reserve?
   

Dark Sky Reserves

National Park Service of the United States and other countries have created Dark Sky Reserves for preserving our night skies and shielding them from light Pollution.

The Milky Way reflected in National Park Crater Lake

National Park Service Starry Night Skies

"Starry night skies and natural darkness are important components of the special places the National Park Service protects. National parks hold some of the last remaining harbors of darkness and provide an excellent opportunity for the public to experience this endangered resource. The NPS is dedicated to protecting and sharing this resource for the enjoyment of current and future generations.

The NPS uses the term "natural lightscape" to describe resources and values that exist in the absence of human-caused light at night. Natural lightscapes are critical for nighttime scenery, such as viewing a starry sky, but are also critical for maintaining nocturnal habitat. Many wildlife species rely on natural patterns of light and dark for navigation, to cue behaviors, or hide from predators. Lightscapes can be cultural as well, and may be integral to the historical fabric of a place. Human-caused light may be obtrusive in the same manner that noise can disrupt a contemplative or peaceful scene. Light that is undesirable in a natural or cultural landscape is often called 'light pollution.'" [1]

Light at night - Great Smoky Mountains National Park

The CCD camera takes an image of the sky looking straight up. Dark blue areas are dark skies; red, pink, and white show light pollution.

Simulation of light pollution growth in the US: 1950s, 1970s, 1990s, and projected to 2025.

"Light pollution is increasing globally, in both developed and developing countries. Most of the data on the growth of light pollution comes from a handful of weather satellite images and computer modeling using population trends. An examination of North American light emissions shows a roughly six percent annual increase from 1947 to 2000 (Cinzano & Elvidge, 2003). This may be a conservative estimate, as measurements over smaller areas and shorter time spans show annual increases of eight percent for Las Vegas, Nevada (NPS measurements, 2002–2008), and 10 percent in northern Italy (Cinzano, 2000). These increases exceed the population growth rate, indicating that the increase in light pollution is primarily due to a multplication of two factors—more light emitted per capita and a greater percentage of uplight from light fixtures.

The exceptions to this rapid light pollution growth rate include Eastern Europe, which suffered economic hardship and government collapse in the 1990s, and areas where lighting regulations have been created and enforced, such as Tucson, Arizona, portions of Northern Italy (Falchi, 2011), and Flagstaff, Arizona (NPS measurements, 2002–2012).
Though the light pollution trend has been sobering and future predictions for dark skies are bleak, there are clear examples where efforts to protect and restore dark skies have been successful." [2]

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Happy Centennial to the NPS

At 8,540 square miles, Death Valley is our largest International Dark Sky Park. The park’s distant from large cities of the southwest means that much of the night sky above the desert floor is near pristine and, in many places, offers views close to what could be seen before the rise of cities. The park prides itself on the sense of solitude and quiet found there, yet it still attracts nearly a million visitors per year. The 3.4 million acre park is largely free of its own sources of light pollution but the lights of distant Las Vegas and other cities do have an impact on the park’s skies and desert nightlife.

More Night!

These links are from the National Park Service Natural Sounds & Night Skies Division - https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nightskies/more.htm
This partial list of resources gives additional, useful information about all things night sky:

• International Dark—Sky Association
• World Atlas of Night Sky Brightness
• Dark Skies Awareness—Globe At Night
• Night Sky Network—NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• Park events: astronomy programs, full moon hikes, star parties ...
• UNESCO: portal to the heritage of astronomy
• International Astronomical Union—Commission 50
• Urban Wildlands Group—Ecological Consequences of Night Lighting
• Starlight Reserves—A Common Heritage
• AstroLab—Practical Guide for Lighting
• Nightwise.org: blogs and dark sky advocacy
• Satellite Based Light Pollution Measurements
• Sky & Telescope: the essential guide to astronomy
• Night Sky Network
• Abrams Planetarium—Monthly Sky Calendar
• 365 Days of Astronomy—Daily Astronomy Podcasts
• StarDate—Meteor Showers and Viewing Tips
• Night Sky Parks
  

The International Dark Sky Places conservation program recognizes and promotes excellent stewardship of the night sky

The Dark Sky Places program offers five types of designations:

1. International Dark Sky Communities
   Communities are legally organized cities and towns that adopt quality outdoor lighting ordinances and undertake efforts to educate residents about the importance of dark skies.
2. International Dark Sky Parks
   Parks are publicly- or privately-owned spaces protected for natural conservation that implement good outdoor lighting and provide dark sky programs for visitors.
3. International Dark Sky Reserves
   Reserves consist of a dark “core” zone surrounded by a populated periphery where policy controls are enacted to protect the darkness of the core.
4. International Dark Sky Sanctuaries
   Sanctuaries are the most remote (and often darkest) places in the world whose conservation state is most fragile.
5. Dark Sky Developments of Distinction
   Developments of Distinction recognize subdivisions, master planned communities, and unincorporated neighborhoods and townships whose planning actively promotes a more natural night sky but does not qualify them for the International Dark Sky Community designation. [3]
   

How hard can it be to see the Milky Way? Read this article by Heather Smith and follow her journey to see the night sky. [1]  https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2018-2-march-april/feature/hunt-for-stars-dark-skies-preserves-and-parks

Footnotes

1. National Park Service  Night Sky  http://www.nature.nps.gov/night/index.cfm
   
2. Growth of Light Pollution, NPS  http://www.nature.nps.gov/night/growth.cfm
   
3.  International Dark Sky Association  Dark Sky Places http://darksky.org/idsp/

Photo Credits

• Atacama, Chile ESO/José Francisco Salgado (josefrancisco.org) http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1319a/
• Death Valley  Photo by Diana Robinson (Creative Commons 2.0) via Flickr.
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park  https://www.nps.gov/grsm/index.htm
• Light Pollution 1950 to 1925  P. Cinzano, F. Falchi (University of Padova), C. D. Elvidge (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder). Copyright Royal Astronomical Society. Reproduced from the Monthly Notices of the RAS by permission of Blackwell Science.
  

Related Topics

Dark Sky Astronomy, Light Pollution,  Dark Sky Ecology, Dark Sky Ordinances, Landscape Lighting

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